What does an alternative hypothesis propose?

An alternative hypothesis proposes that there is an effect or relationship between variables. In hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis is what researchers aim to support by providing evidence through data analysis. It serves as the contrasting proposition to the null hypothesis, which typically asserts that there is no effect or relationship. For instance, in medical research, the alternative hypothesis might state that a new drug has a positive effect on health outcomes compared to a placebo.

When researchers gather data and perform statistical tests, if the evidence suggests that the null hypothesis can be rejected, it supports the alternative hypothesis, affirming that the relationship or effect indeed exists. This is a fundamental aspect of research methodology, as it lays the groundwork for advancing knowledge in scientific and business contexts.

Other options do not accurately represent what an alternative hypothesis stands for. While the other statements speak to aspects of hypothesis testing, they do not describe the alternative hypothesis itself.