What does it mean to operationalize variables in research?

Operationalizing variables in research refers to the process of defining variables in measurable terms so that they can be empirically tested. This involves specifying how the concepts or constructs will be measured or quantified within the context of a study. For example, if a researcher is studying "academic performance," they must operationalize this variable by determining how it will be measured, such as through grades, test scores, or GPA. This clear definition allows researchers to collect data that can be analyzed and used to draw meaningful conclusions.

The other choices do not accurately describe the process of operationalizing variables. Estimating the budget of a research study focuses on financial considerations rather than how variables are defined. Conducting surveys with participants pertains to data collection methods, but it does not address the necessity of defining the variables being studied. Evaluating the success of previous studies relates to assessing outcomes or impacts, which is separate from the initial process of defining and measuring variables in new research.